Multi-layered vulnerabilities of riverine island communities: Insights from Kerala, India

Abstract

Small islands, due to their distinctive geography and environmental isolation, face heightened vulnerabilities to natural hazards, a situation exacerbated by climate change through rising sea levels, cyclones, biodiversity loss, and coastal erosion. This study investigates the multi-dimensional vulnerabilities of small riverine islands—locally known as Thuruths—in the Meenathucherry region of Kollam district, Kerala, India. The research specifically aims to: (1) assess physical vulnerabilities related to housing, infrastructure, and environmental systems; (2) explore economic and livelihood challenges; and (3) analyze sociocultural disruptions arising from the islands unique ecological context. A cross-sectional survey design was employed, using a structured questionnaire, administered to adult residents in July 2024. Findings reveal physical vulnerabilities related to built environment, eroding embankments, flood-resilient infrastructure, and waste management, all exacerbated by frequent and environmental degradation. Economically, heavy reliance on fishing, limited livelihood diversification, and restricted access to financial services amplify risks. Socioculturally, erosion of traditional practices, inadequate institutional support, substance abuse, and pressures from unregulated tourism, further compound vulnerabilities. The study highlights an urgent need for targeted policy interventions focusing on climate-resilient infrastructure, livelihood diversification, and cultural preservation to strengthen the resilience of these vulnerable riverine island communities.